HANDLING, PROCESSING, CONSERVATION AND TRANSPORT OF ANIMAL BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES

1 Basic materials and equipment of the clinical analysis laboratory

1.1 Basic laboratory equipment

1.2 Equipment

2 Laboratory reagents

2.1 Chemical reagents

2.2 Biological reagents

3 Protection and safety equipment and waste disposal containers

3.1 Waste management

3.1.1 Minimize or avoid the generation of waste

3.1.2 Separation and packaging of waste

3.1.3 Labeling of storage containers

3.1.4 Temporary storage

3.2 Types of waste

3.2.1 Assimilable to urban

3.2.2 Chemicals

3.2.3 Sanitary

4 Basic laboratory operations: preparation of solutions and dilutions. Problem resolution. Centrifugation of samples

4.1 Dissolution

4.2 Dilutions

4.3 Centrifuging samples

4.4 Stains

4.4.1 Simple staining

4.4.2 Compound staining

5 Types of samples: blood, urine, CSF, semen, exudates or others

6 Common analyzable parameters in biological samples

7 Processing of samples based on them

7.1 Identification of samples to analyze in the center itself

7.2 Identification of samples to send to an external laboratory

8 Quantitative and qualitative analysis

8.1 Quantitative analysis

8.2 Qualitative analysis

9 Analytical determination. Test battery

10 Handling errors

10.1 Errors in the preanalytical phase

10.1.1 Errors in requesting analytics

10.1.2 Errors in identification

10.1.3 Errors in obtaining the sample

10.1.4 Errors in the computer system

10.1.5 Sample preservation errors

10.2 Errors in the analytical phase

10.3 Errors in the post-analytical phase

10.3.1 Errors in the transcription of results

10.3.2 Errors in the calculation of quantities

10.3.3 Errors in the interpretation of results

STUDY OF ANIMAL SAMPLES OF BLOOD, URINE, FEET AND OTHER BODY FLUIDS

1 Blood study

1.1 General characteristics of blood. Formed elements, plasma and serum

1.1.1 Form elements

1.1.2 Plasma

1.1.3 Serum

1.2 Preanalytical recommendations for blood handling

1.3 Obtaining blood samples for study: cytological, coagulation, parasitological, biochemical, immunological and microbiological

1.3.1 Cytological study

1.3.2 Coagulation

1.3.3 Parasitological study

1.3.4 Biochemical study

1.3.5 Immunological study

1.3.6 Microbiological study

1.4 Analyzable parameters from a blood sample

1.4.1 Hemogram

1.4.2 Biochemistry

1.5 Principles of pathophysiology of blood

1.5.1 Anemia

1.5.2 Polycythemia

1.5.3 Leukocytosis

1.5.4 Leukopenia

1.5.4 Leukopenia

1.5.6 Thrombocytosis

1.5.7 Thrombocytopenia

1.5.8 Blood parasites

2 Study of urine

2.1 General characteristics of urine

2.1.1 Color

2.1.2 Odor

2.1.3 Turbidity

2.1.4 Density

2.2 Obtaining a urine sample for: routine study, quantification of substances or formed and microbiological elements.

2.3 Methods for urine collection

2.3.1 Natural urination

2.3.2 Bladder compression

2.3.3 Catheterization of the urethra

2.3.4 Cystocentesis

2.4 Routine study

2.4.1 Physical analysis

2.4.2 Chemical examination

2.5 Quantification of substances or formed elements

2.5.1 Preparation

2.6 Microbiological study

3 Study of stool

3.1 General characteristics of feces

3.2 Obtaining a stool sample for: detection of occult blood, formed substances or elements, microbiological and parasitological analysis

3.2.1 Detection of occult blood, substances or formed elements

3.2.2 Microbiological analysis

3.2.3 Parasitological analysis

4 Study of other body fluids

4.1 Spills into cavities

4.2 Synovial fluid

4.3 Cerebrospinal fluid

PROCESSING OF ANIMAL SAMPLES FOR THEIR ANATOMOPATHOLOGICAL STUDY

1 Types of samples for the anatomo-pathological study

2 Methods and techniques for obtaining samples. Fine Needle Aspiration Puncture (FNA)

2.1 Biopsy

2.2 Cytology

2.2.1 Imprint

2.2.2 Scraping

2.2.3 Smear

2.2.4 Fine Needle Puncture-Aspiration (FNA)

3 Processing of samples for histological study. Instruments and materials used

3.1 Obtaining the sample

3.2 Fixation

3.2.1 Simple fixatives

3.2.2 Fixative mixtures

3.3 Washing

3.4 Dehydration

3.5 Clearance

3.6 Infiltration

3.7 Inclusion

3.8 Cut

3.9 Staining

3.10 Observation

3.10.1 Optical microscope

3.10.2 Electron microscope

4 Processing of samples for cytological study. Instruments and materials used

4.1 Extension

4.1.1 Squash technique

4.1.2 Blood extension

PREVENTION OF LABOR RISKS IN THE ANALYSIS LABORATORY OF ANIMAL SAMPLES

1 Safety at the veterinary center

1.1 Physical risks

1.2 Chemical risks

1.2.1 Identification of chemical risks

1.3 Biological risks

1.4 Security risks

1.5 Other risk factors

2 Risk factors in the handling of biological samples

2.1 Biological agents

2.2 Routes of entry

3 Legislation on occupational risk prevention and waste management

3.1 Royal Decree 664/1997

3.1.1 Risk identification and assessment

3.1.2 Risk reduction

3.1.3 Hygiene measures

3.2 Aspects of risk assessment

3.2.1 Classification of biological agents

3.2.2 Containment levels

3.2.3 Risk assessment

4 Means of personal protection in the laboratory and hygiene measures

4.1 General rules

4.2 Personal hygiene rules

4.3 Barrier protection elements

4.3.1 Gloves

4.3.2 Safety glasses

4.3.3 Masks

4.3.4 Gowns

4.4 Handling sharp and pointed objects

4.5 Proper disinfection and sterilization of instruments and surfaces

4.6 Use of laboratory instruments

4.6.1 Autoanalyzers

4.6.2 Instrumentation with contaminated parts

4.6.3 Hematology laboratories 4.6.4 Microbiology laboratories