TRAUMATIC OR SURGICAL WOUNDS, CONTINUITY SOLUTIONS AND HEALING

1 Skin, musculoskeletal system and other organs

1.1 Functions

1.2 Layers of the skin

2 Basic healing conditions

2.1 Classification of wounds

2.2 Stages of healing

3 Types of healing: by first and second intention

3.1 Mechanisms of healing

3.1.1 Cell migration (chemotactic molecules)

3.1.2 Cell proliferation and differentiation

3.1.3 Collagen synthesis

3.1.4 Remodeling of fibrous tissue

4 Delays in healing: external and internal causes

4.1 Systemic factors

4.1.1 Age

4.1.2 Nutrition

4.1.3 Hematological abnormalities

4.1.4 Diabetes

4.1.5 Glucocorticoids

4.2 Local factors

4.2.1 Infection

4.2.2 Alteration of local blood supply

4.2.3 Presence of foreign bodies and sutures

4.3 Complications of healing

4.3.1 Keloids

4.3.2 Painful scars

4.3.3 Scar ulcers

4.3.4 Fistulas

4.4 Management and treatment of wounds

4.4.1 If the wound is acute

4.4.2 If the wound is chronic

4.4.3 If the wound involves tissues

4.4.4 Incised wounds, lacerations or punctures

4.4.5 Abrasion wounds

4.4.6 Contusion

4.4.7 Chest wounds

4.4.8 Wounds to the abdomen

4.4.9 Penetrating wounds to the eyes

4.4.10 Shotgun wounds

4.5 Management of wounds that close by first intention

5 Suture material and suturing techniques

5.1 Suture material

5.1.1 Needle holder

5.1.2 Surgical needles

5.1.3 Suture

5.2 Classification of suture materials

5.2.1 Absorbable suture

5.2.2 Non-absorbable suture

5.3 Description of suture techniques

5.3.1 Simple points

5.3.2 Points in X

5.3.3 Simple suture

5.3.4 Continuous Reverdin Suture

5.3.5 U-shaped or horizontal recurring points

5.3.6 Vertical U-shaped or vertical recurring points

5.3.7 Mattress suture

5.3.8 Halsted or Recurring Inverted

5.3.9 Cushing or inverted vertical recurrent suture

5.3.10 Schmieden

5.3.11 Lembert suture

5.3.12 Intradermal suture

ASEPSIA, DISINFECTION AND STERILIZATION

1 Disinfection and asepsis as a method of infection prevention

2 Disinfection and sterilization of the material by physical and chemical methods (biocides)

2.1 Heat sterilization

2.1.1 Preparing the packages for the autoclave

2.2 Chemical sterilization

2.3 Cold sterilization

2.4 Most frequently used antiseptics and disinfectants

2.4.1 Acid

2.4.2 Alcohols

2.4.3 Aldehydes

2.4.4 Oxidizers

2.4.5 Halogens

2.4.6 Metal ions

2.4.7 Phenols

2.4.8 Cationic detergents

2.4.9 Colorants

2.4.10 Others

3 Regulation of biocidal products and chemical products. Registration resolutions and safety data sheets

3.1 Classification of biocides

3.1.1 Major Group 1: General Disinfectants and Biocides

3.1.2 Major Group 2: Preservatives

3.1.3 Major Group 3: Pesticides

3.1.4 Major group 4: Other biocides

3.2 Marketing of biocides

3.2.1 How can we check if a biocidal product is authorized?

3.3 Safety data sheet

3.4 Official register of biocidal establishments and services

4 Disinfection of the animal. Pre-surgical protocols. Topical local antiseptics

4.1 Procedure

VETERINARY OPERATING ROOM MATERIAL

1 Clothing and accessories for operating room staff

1.1 Cap

1.2 Mask

1.3 Leggings

1.4 Gloves

1.5 Surgical pajamas

1.6 Sterile gown

2 Means of isolation of the surgical site

2.1 Black zone

2.2 Gray area

2.3 White zone

2.3.1 Cleaning routine

3 Side table: preparation

4 Instruments and operating room equipment

4.1 Equipment

4.2 Instruments

4.2.1 Material types

4.2.2 Scalpel or scalpel

4.2.3 Electric scalpel

4.2.4 Scissors

4.2.5 Needle holder

4.2.6 Hand grippers

4.2.7 Crab claws

4.2.8 Allys forceps

4.2.9 Retractors or spacers

4.2.10 Clamps

4.2.11 Bats

4.2.12 Orthopedic material

4.2.13 Dental material

ANESTHESIA AND SEDATION IN VETERINARY SURGERY

1 Preanesthesia and sedation: basic principles and mode of action of the most commonly used drugs

1.1 Medicines used

1.2 Phenothiazines

1.2.1 Advantages

1.2.2 Disadvantages

1.3 Alpha-2-agonists

1.3.1 Advantages

1.3.2 Adverse effects

1.3.3 Xylazine

1.3.4 Medetomidine

1.4 Minor tranquilizers or anxiolytics (Benzodiazepines)

1.4.1 Pharmacological effects of Benzodiazepines

1.5 Opiates (Narcotics)

1.5.1 Mechanisms of action

1.5.2 Beneficial effects

1.5.3 Application mode

1.5.4 Adverse effects of opioids

1.6 Anticholinergics

1.6.1 Mechanism of action

1.6.2 Instructions for use

1.6.3 Effects of atropine

1.7 Antihistamines H1 (Diphenhydramine)

2 Inhalation anesthesia. Open and closed system. Gas volatility

2.1 Anesthetic circuits

2.1.1 Circuits without rebreathing

2.1.2 Circuit with rebreathing

2.2 Induction with inhalation agents

2.2.1 Induction with mask

2.2.2 Induction in anesthetic chamber

2.3 Properties that determine the method of administration

2.3.1 Vapor Pressure

2.3.2 Boiling point

2.3.3 Solubility

2.3.4 Blood / gas partition coefficient

2.3.5 Oil / gas partition coefficient

3 Intravenous anesthesia: indications and authorized medications

3.1 Induction of anesthesia with injectable agents

3.1.1 Intravenous (IV) induction

3.1.2 Intramuscular induction (IM)

3.2 Injectable anesthetics

3.2.1 Barbiturates

3.3 Dissociative anesthetics

3.3.1 Ketamine

3.3.2 Tylethamine

3.3.3 Proportion

3.3.4 Etomidate

4 Interpretation of signs of analgesia and loss of consciousness

5 Animal monitoring: vital signs, methods of collection and interpretation

5.1 Central nervous system monitoring

5.2 Cardiovascular monitoring

5.2.1 Heart rate

5.2.2 Blood pressure

5.3 Respiratory monitoring

5.3.1 Visual methods

5.3.2 Esophageal stethoscope

5.3.3 Apnea monitor

5.3.4 Spirometry

5.3.5 Gasometry

5.3.6 Pulse oximetry

5.3.7 Capnography

5.4 Temperature monitoring

6 Follow-up of anesthesia and surveillance of the animal during surgery: interpretation of consciousness

6.1 Stages of recovery

6.2 Role of the anesthetist in recovery

7 Metabolism of anesthetic drugs. Overdose Resuscitation. Resuscitation and recovery

7.1 Respiratory emergencies

7.1.1 Apnea

7.1.2 Tachypnea

7.1.3 Bradypnea

7.2 Cardiovascular emergencies and complications

7.2.1 Tachycardia

7.2.2 Bradycardia

7.2.3 Arrhythmias

7.2.4 Hypotension

7.2.5 Cardiac arrest

7.2.6 Hypothermia

7.2.7 Extravascular injection

7.2.8 Aspiration pneumonia

7.2.9 Burns

TOPOGRAPHY ANATOMY OF ANIMAL SPECIES. APPLIED ANATOMY

1 Knowledge of the different anatomical structures and their proximity relationships

1.1 Topographic anatomy

1.1.1 Position

1.1.2 Body planes

1.1.3 Addresses

1.1.4 Description of movements

2 Vascular and nervous anatomy: location of the most important

2.1 Circulatory system

2.2 Circulatory system in mammals

2.2.1 Circuits

2.2.2 Blood vessels

2.3 Nervous system

2.3.1 Brain

3 Joint structures and most frequent dysfunctions

3.1 Bones

3.2 Morphological peculiarities

3.3 Muscles

3.3.1 Smooth muscle

3.3.2 Skeletal muscle

3.3.3 Cardiac muscle

3.4 Skeleton

3.4.1 Skull

3.4.2 Spine

3.4.3 Vertebrae

3.5 Joints

3.6 Main joints in dogs and cats

3.6.1 Osteoarthritis

3.6.2 Elbow dysplasia

3.6.3 Hip dysplasia

4 Surgical approaches

4.1 Laparotomy

4.1.1 Midline incision

4.1.2 Midline incision in the male

4.1.3 Paramedial incision

4.1.4 Paracostal incision

4.2 Gastrotomy

4.3 Thoracotomy

4.4 Approaches to the hip joint

4.4.1 Craniolateral incision approach

EMERGENCY SITUATIONS IN VETERINARY SURGICAL ACT

1 Signs of vital commitment

1.1 Emergency trolley

1.2 Signs of vital commitment

1.2.1 Temperature

1.2.2 Heart rate

1.2.3 Blood pressure

1.2.4 Mucosal staining

2 Basic and advanced life support maneuvers

2.1 Temperature compromise

2.2 Compromise of breathing

2.3 Tracheal intubation

2.4 Tracheostomy

2.4.1 IV Catheter Placement

2.4.2 Placement of a transtracheal tube

2.5 Oxygenation

2.5.1 Direct administration

2.5.2 Placing the animal in an oxygen-enriched environment

2.6 Hypovolemic shock

2.6.1 Characteristics of hypovolemic shock

2.6.2 Causes

2.6.3 Phases of hypovolemic shock

2.6.4 Treatment

2.6.5 Indications for the use of crystalloids

2.6.6 Indications for the use of colloids

2.6.7 Types of colloids

2.7 Transfusion

2.7.1 Transfusion elements

2.8 Cardiopulmonary resuscitation

3 Assisted ventilation

3.1 Ventilatory modes

3.1.1 Controlled mechanical ventilation

3.1.2 Assisted mechanical ventilation

3.1.3 Intermittent Synchronized Mandatory Ventilation

3.1.4 Pressure Support Ventilation

3.1.5 Continuous positive airway pressure

3.2 Anesthesia in assisted ventilation

BIOSANITARY WASTE FROM THE VETERINARY CENTER

1 Identification and control

1.1 Non-hazardous health waste

1.2 Hazardous health waste

2 Withdrawal and disposal

2.1 Class I waste management

2.2 Class II waste management

2.3 Management of class III and IV waste

2.4 Management of class V waste

3 Legislation on waste disposal

3.1 Characteristics of the waste that allow it to be classified as dangerous

3.2 Law 22/2011, of July 28, on waste and contaminated soils

3.3 Regulation (EC) 1069/2009

3.3.1 Category 1 material

3.3.2 Category 2 material

3.3.3 Category 3 material

MODULE 3 | Hospitalization of animals |

ANIMAL HOSPITALIZATION

1 Characteristics of rooms for the different animals

1.1 Veterinary hospitalization

1.2 Hospitalization of birds

1.3 Other facilities and equipment

1.3.1 Oxygen cage

1.3.2 Heat and cold production devices

1.3.3 Centers with hospital certification

1.4 Hospitalization protocol

1.4.1 History

2 Means of isolation of animals with infectious-contagious diseases

2.1 Hospitalization rules

2.1.1 Communications and visits

ETHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS DEPENDING ON THE SPECIES

1 Canine ethology: breeds and unique characteristics

1.1 Stages of dog development

1.1.1 Prenatal period

1.1.2 Neonatal period

1.1.3 Transition phase

1.1.4 Socialization

1.1.5 Youth phase

1.2 Behavioral disorders in dogs

1.3 Dog breeds

1.3.1 Toy Poodle

1.3.2 Chihuahua

1.3.3 Pincher

1.3.4 Yorkshire Terrier

1.3.5 Miniature Dachshund

1.3.6 Poodle

1.3.7 Pug

1.3.8 Fox terrier

1.3.9 Jack Russell Terrier

1.3.10 Schnauzer

1.3.11 West Highland White Terrier

1.3.12 Beagle

1.3.13 Border collie

1.3.14 French Bulldog

1.3.15 English Bulldog

1.3.16 American Cocker Spaniel

1.3.17 English Cocker Spaniel

1.3.18 Dalmatian

1.3.19 Spanish Spaniel

1.3.20 English Setter

1.3.21 Pointer

1.3.22 Irish Setter

1.3.23 Sharpei

1.3.24 The Hound

1.3.25 Boxer

1.3.26 Doberman

1.3.27 Greyhound

1.3.28 Golden Retriever

1.3.29 German Shepherd

1.3.30 Great Dane

1.3.31 Mastiff

1.3.32 Rottweiler

1.3.33 Newfoundland

2 Feline ethology: breeds and unique characteristics

2.1 Periods of socialization in cats

2.1.1 Infant

2.1.2 Transitional

2.1.3 Socialization

2.1.4 Youth

2.2 Alterations in feline behavior

2.3 Cat breeds and their most representative characteristics as pets

2.3.1 Abyssinian

2.3.2 Turkish Angora

2.3.3 Russian Blue

2.3.4 Bengali

2.3.5 Bombay

2.3.6 Norwegian Forest Cat

2.3.7 British Shorthair

2.3.8 Burmese

2.3.9 Burmilla

2.3.10 Chartreux

2.3.11 Cornish Rex

2.3.12 Devon Rex

2.3.13 Exotic

2.3.14 Maine Coon

2.3.15 Eastern

2.3.16 Persian

2.3.17 Ragdoll

2.3.18 Sacred of Burma

2.3.19 Scottish Fold

2.3.20 Siamese

2.3.21 Siberian

2.3.22 Snowshoe

2.3.23 Somali

2.3.24 Sphynx

3 Ethology and basic care of small rodents and reptiles

3.1 Small rodents

3.1.1 Hamsters

3.1.2 Guinea pigs

3.1.3 Chinchillas

3.2 Reptiles

3.2.1 Turtles

3.2.2 Iguanas

3.2.3 Chameleons

4 Ethology and basic care of other companion animals (birds)

4.1 Birds

4.2 Other pets

4.2.1 Hedgehogs

4.2.2 Rabbits

4.2.3 Ferrets

CARE FOR HOSPITALIZED ANIMALS ACCORDING TO THE SPECIES AND HEALTH STATUS

1 Hygienic care: frequency of controls, ambient temperature and humidity conditions. Therapeutic and maintenance washes

1.1 Hygienic care

1.1.1 Keep the animal’s coat clean

1.1.2 Keep eyes, nose and mouth clean

1.1.3 Keep the perianal area clean

1.2 Ambient temperature

1.3 Relative humidity

2 Obtaining biological samples in a non-traumatic way

3 Principles of rehabilitation: massage, activation of circulation, passive gymnastics, active gymnastics, hot-cold, fundamentals of inflammation and thermal therapy

3.1 Rehabilitation

3.1.1 Purposes of rehabilitation and physiotherapy

3.1.2 Indications for applying rehabilitation and physiotherapy

3.2 Techniques used in physiotherapy

3.3 Massages

3.4 Electrical stimulation

3.5 Ultrasound

3.6 Extracorporeal shock waves

3.7 Fundamentals of inflammation

3.7.1 Phases

3.8 Thermotherapy

3.8.1 Cryotherapy

3.8.2 Surface heat

3.9 Passive kinesitherapy

3.10 Stretches

3.11 Therapeutic exercises

4 Maintenance exercise. Recovery

4.1 Active kinesitherapy

4.1.1 Types of exercises

4.2 Aquatic therapy

5 Stress and influence on recovery

NUTRITION AND ANIMAL FEEDING ACCORDING TO THE SPECIES AND HEALTH STATUS

1 Nutrition during growth

1.1 Nutritional evaluation in dogs and cats

1.2 Artificial breastfeeding

1.2.1 Artificial milk supply technique

1.2.2 Food to use

1.3 Artificial feeding

2 Nutrition in geriatric animals

2.1 Feeding the geriatric cat

3 Obesity: identification of the overweight animal and client education

3.1 Obesity in cats and dogs

3.1.1 Food plan

3.1.2 Weight curve

3.1.3 Introduction of the new feed

3.2 Treatment of obesity

3.2.1 Behavioral measures

3.2.2 Dietary treatment

4 Feeding in critically ill animals: routes of administration, parenteral feeding, nutrition and basic care

4.1 Enteral feeding

4.1.1 Naso-gastric tubes

4.1.2 Esophagostomy tubes

4.1.3 Gastrotomy tubes

4.1.4 Jejunostomy tubes

4.2 Complications of enteral nutrition

4.2.1 Surgical complications

4.2.2 Obstruction of the probe

4.2.3 Aspiration pneumonia

4.2.4 Excess power

4.2.5 Feedback syndrome

4.3 Parenteral feeding

4.3.1 Speed ​​of administration

4.3.2 Metabolic complications

4.4 Feeding animals with gastrointestinal disorders

4.5 Influence of nutrition on skin health

4.5.1 Proteins

4.5.2 Trace elements

4.5.3 Promote hair growth

4.5.4 Improve coat shine

4.5.5 Strengthening the skin barrier