X-RAYS IN VETERINARY CENTERS

1 Physical principles of radiation. X-ray properties

1.1 Diagnostic imaging methods

1.1.1 Radiography

1.1.2 Computed Axial Tomography (CT)

1.1.3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging

1.1.4 Ultrasonography or Ultrasound

1.1.5 Endoscopy

1.2 X-rays

1.2.1 X-ray properties

1.2.2 X-ray production

2 Types of radiation. Electromagnetic radiation spectrum

2.1 Classification of electromagnetic radiation

2.1.1 Frequency

2.1.2 Wavelength

2.2 Ionizing radiation

2.3 Non-ionizing radiation

3 Legislation on radiation protection. Care and prevention of health problems

3.1 Maximum doses allowed

3.1.1 Person of legal age

3.1.2 Minor staff

3.1.3 Special protection during pregnancy and lactation

3.2 Protection of exposed workers

3.2.1 Zone classification

3.2.2 Types of risk

3.2.3 Zone access and control

3.2.4 Category of workers according to exposure

3.2.5 Health examination

3.2.6 Training

4 X-ray producing equipment and systems

5 Impression of image plates

5.1 Exposure factors

5.2 Accessories for X-ray machines

5.2.1 Diaphragm, cone and cylinders

5.2.2 Anti-scatter grills

5.2.3 X-ray chassis

5.2.4 Reinforcing or intensifying screens

5.2.5 Movies

6 Development of image plates

6.1 Development phases

6.1.1 Development Phase

6.1.2 Intermediate wash phase

6.1.3 Fixation Phase

6.1.4 Final Rinse Phase

6.1.5 Drying Phase

6.2 Defects in development

7 Factors that condition the quality of the radiographic image

7.1 Interpretation of images

7.2 Principles of radiological image interpretation

7.3 Radiographic factors influencing radiological interpretation

7.3.1 Radiographic density

7.3.2 Geometry of Image Formation

7.3.3 Contrast media

8 Bio-sanitary waste: identification and control

8.1 Effluents and radioactive solid waste

ULTRASOUND IN VETERINARY CENTERS

1 Physical fundamentals. Piezoelectric effect

1.1 Definitions

1.2 Ultrasound machine

1.3 Types of probes

1.3.1 Linear

1.3.2 Sectoral

1.3.3 Convex

1.4 Image format

2 Interaction of ultrasound with organic tissues

2.1 Behavior of sound waves

3 Descriptive terminology

3.1 Interpretation of the ultrasound image 47 3.2 Artifacts

4 Preparation of the animal

4.1 Coupling

5 Most frequent uses

5.1 Usefulness of ultrasound

5.1.1 Advantages

5.1.2 Disadvantages

5.2 Ultrasound of the abdominal cavity

5.2.1 Ultrasound of the liver

5.2.2 Changes in echogenicity

5.2.3 Spleen ultrasound

5.2.4 Renal ultrasound

5.2.5 Bladder ultrasound

5.2.6 Adrenal gland ultrasound

5.2.7 Ultrasound of the gastrointestinal tract

5.2.8 Ultrasound of the pancreas

5.2.9 Reproductive system ultrasound

5.3 Ultrasound of the thoracic cavity

5.3.1 Non-cardiac chest ultrasound

5.3.2 Cardiac Ultrasound / Echocardiography

5.4 Others

5.4.1 Eye ultrasound

5.4.2 Musculoskeletal ultrasound

5.4.3 Soft tissue ultrasound

ENDOSCOPY IN VETERINARY CENTERS

1 Basic principles

1.1 Advantages of endoscopy

1.2 Disadvantages

2 Different types of endoscopy. Fibroendoscopy. Video endoscopy

2.1 Flexible endoscopy

2.1.1 Fiberoptic endoscope

2.1.2 Video endoscope

2.1.3 Types of flexible endoscopes

2.1.4 Flexible endoscope parts

2.1.5 Sterilization

2.1.6 Utilities

2.2 Rigid endoscopy

2.2.1 Utilities

2.3 Capsular endoscopy

3 Preparation of the animal

4 Applications

4.1 Rhinoscopy

4.1.1 Technique

4.2 Laryngoscopy

4.3 Tracheobronchoscopy

4.4 Esophagogastroduodenoscopy

4.5 Rectocolonoscopy

4.6 Vaginohysteroscopy

4.7 Cystoscopy

4.8 Laparoscopy

4.9 Arthroscopy

4.10 Thoracoscopy

4.11 Otoscopy

4.12 Digestive endoscopy

4.13 Stenosis dilations

4.14 Endoscopic percutaneous gastrotomy

4.14.1 Technique

4.15 Biopsies

4.16 Polypectomy

4.17 Foreign bodies